Mapinguari

Illustration of the mapinguari as a giant hominid by an unknown artist based on an eyewitness account.

This article is UNDER CONSTRUCTION & is being REWRITTEN.

Other names: Mapinguary, capé-lobo, juma, kida harara, kida so'emo, owojo, ow-ow, mao de pilao

Country reported: Brazil

The mapinguari is a large cryptid reported from the deepest portions of the Amazon Rainforest. Eyewitnesses describe it as a bipedal ape-like animal with long red hair, a foul smell, a single eye, and a mouth in its stomach.

Many cryptozoologists, and some mainstream zoologists including David Oren, who is best known for his research on the mapinguari, believe that it may exist as a relict ground sloth or an undiscovered hominid. Like many other cryptids, what is called the "mapinguari" may be two animals, a ground sloth and a great ape.

Etymology

"Mapinguari" is variably translated as "the roaring animal" or "the fetid beast", although this claim seems to originate from Wikipedia and lacks a source. A Spanish-languages website gives the etymology as "defender of the forests". According to Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden, "mapinguari" is a contraction of several Tupi-Guarani words: "mbaé-pi-guari", meaning "a thing that has a bent [or] crooked foot [or] paw".

"Kida so'emo" means "black faced beast" in Karitiana. "Mao de pilao" means "pestle hand" in Portuguese.

Description

Folklore describes the mapinguari as having relationships with other rainforest animals. It is said to be followed around by swarms of flies or herds of peccaries. Those who believe in the mapinguari as a spirit see it as a protector of the rainforest which punishes hunters who kill more animals than they need to do to survive.

Physical evidence

Hair

David Oren has collected several hair samples which he believed may have come from the mapinguari, but testing results were mostly inconclusive, although in one case a tuft of hair he found turned out to come from an agouti.

Stool

David Oren has collected several stool samples which he believed may have come from the mapinguari, but testing results were inconclusive, and in one case some fecal matter he found turned out to come from a giant anteater.

Audio recordings

During Pat Spain's Beast Hunter investigation, a strange call may have been heard in response to a modified sloth call, but it is unclear if it was picked up by the recording equipment. Josh Gates' investigation for Destination Truth also recorded an animal call which a former Los Angeles zookeeper was unable to identify.

Sightings

Undated

David Oren has collected over ninety accounts of the mapinguari or animals like it, and as of 2002 had interviewed seven hunters who claimed to have shot specimens. In 1994, Oren was attempting to mount an expedition to search for the mapinguari.

A Bullyland Megatherium toy used by Oren to interrogate eyewitnesses.

According to DiscoverMagazine, a native hunter named Manuel Vitorino Pinheiro dos Santos shot four peccaries before hearing the call of the mapinguari. He fled to the river as the second call shook the trees themselves, and hid under the water. The calls became muffled as the animal seemed to move deeper into the jungle, but Manuel remained hiding for hours.

Several sightings of the mapinguari have occured on the Karitiana tribe reservation, especially near an area apparently known as the "Cave of the Mapinguari" (see below, 2003 or 2004), although the Karitiana name for the animal is said to be "kida so'emo". In one incident, a Karitiana man named Moaci was out hunting when he saw what he believed was a giant anteater, due to its claws; but when the animal stood up, it was taller than a man. Moaci fled, pursued by the animal, and hid himself under a tree, which the animal attempted to uproot.

Undated; reported to Pat Spain

A man named Edinalo worked for an oil company putting pipelines through the Amazon. When he got off his boat onto dry land, he was attacked by a large, smelly, hairy animal which broke his jaw. Overwhelmed by the smell, he blacked out, and was later found by more people. The encounter was so terrifying for him, he quit his job and refused to enter the forest again.

Two men were driving in their car when a mapinguari came out of the forest. They hid, and it moved away.

Undated; reported to Richard Terry

Richard Terry's guide Samuel recounted to Terry a story told by his grandfather about a mapinguari encounter in the remote border region between Brazil and Venezuela:

"He said that he came face to face with an unearthly beast. He was convinced it was the Mapinguari, which had entered his remote cabin at night. It was so large that when it stood upright roaring at him, it lifted the wooden ceiling. Apparently the creature knocked the man to the ground with one powerful lunge of its arm, breaking his jaw. He believes he was only able to save himself having had a gun which he used to fire a round directly into the shaggy haired monster that fled leaving a trail of blood".

A native woman was gathering fruit near her house when she was disturbed by a mapinguari. She fled back to her house..

A native hunter was stalking peccaries when a mapinguari emerged from the trees. The man fled.

A man was cooking dinner inside his hut when the entire straw roof was torn off. He fled outside, only to be attacked by a mapinguari.

1930

In 1930, an explorer named Inocêncio or Inocèncio was exploring the Urubu River with ten friends, but became lost in pursuit of a troop of black monkeys which he intended to shoot. He became seperated from his friends and was spending the night in a tree when he was disturbed by what sounded like a man crying out three times, before a large animal approached:

"Some forty yards away was a small clearing where a samaumeira had fallen, and its branches had brought down other, smaller trees. This was where his last cry had come from. Immediately afterward there was a loud noise of footsteps, as if a large animal was coming at me at top speed. When it reached the fallen tree, it gave a grunt and stopped. Finally, a silhouette the size of a man of middle height appeared in the clearing.

"It remained where it stood, looking perhaps suspiciously at the place where I was. Then it roared again as before. I could wait no longer and fired without even troubling to take proper aim. There was a savage roar and then a noise of crashing bushes. I was alarmed to see the animal rush growling towards me and I fired a second bullet. The terrifying creature was hit and gave an incredibly swift leap and hid near the old samaumeira. From behind this barricade it gave threatening growls so fiercely that the tree to which I was clinging seemed to shake. I had previously been on jaguar-hunts and taken an active part in them, and I know how savage this cat is when it is run down and at bay. But the roars of the animal that attacked me that night were more terrible and deafening than a jaguar's.

I loaded my gun again and fearing another attack, fired in the direction of the roaring. The black shape roared again more loudly, but retreated and disappeared ito the depths of the forest. From time to time I could still hear its growl of pain until at last it ceased.

Dawn was just breaking."

After spending the night in the tree, the next morning Inocêncio disovered broken shrubs, splashes of blood, and a strong, sour smell permeating the whole area.

1937

A 1937 report from central Brazil claimed that a mapinguari had gone on a three-week rampage, killing over 100 cows and ripping out the tongues from their carcasses.^{[primary source needed]}

1975

In 1975, a mine worker named Mário Pereira de Souza claimed to have come face to face with a mapinguari in a mining camp in Rio Jamauchim. He heard a screaming noise, and the animal charged at him, unsteadily, on its hind legs.

1977

A colleague of David Oren encountered a mapinguari in or around 1977.

circa 1980's

One group of Kanamarí Indians living in the Rio Juruá valley claimed to have raised two infant mapinguaris on bananas and milk, but after one or two years their stench became to much to bear, and they were released.

1981

A Brazilian man (Teofelo) and his daughter (Lydia) living in Valeria recounted to Pat Spain that in September 1981, Lydia was at the edge of the forest near her house at night, when she was startled by by a howling noise. She fled to her father, who grabbed a gun and went to untie his cow. He saw an animal outside which he identified as the mapinguari, and shot at it before fleeing back to his house. The next day, all of the villagers moved, and settled by the edge of the river.

1997

Glenn Shepard Jr., an American ethnobiologist and anthropologist based in Manaus, said he was among the skeptics regarding Oren's theory of the mapinguari as until 1997, when some tribesmen who had evacuated their village identified the segamai, a hairy sloth-like creature inhabiting the hills, with a model of a giant sloth they had seen at Lima's Natural History Museum.

circa 1990's

Sometime in the late 1990's Dutch primatologist Marc van Roosmalen heard that a tribe along the river Rio Purus found mapinguari footprints near their settlement, and moved their houses to the other side of the river out of fear. When asked if he believed the mapinguari really existed, Van Roosmalen answered: "I'm not going to say it's not possible. Who am I to say that?"

circa 1993

A 70-year old man named Joao Batista Azevedo is said to have been working by a river when he heard a mapinguari scream. It came out of the forest, but did not approach or attack him.

2003 or 2004

An Iowa reconstruction of the Jefferson's ground sloth, Megalonyx jeffersoni. This model was identified by Geovaldo as the kida harara.

A Karitiana man named Geovaldo claimed to have encountered a mapinguari in 2003 or 2004 near an area called "the Cave of the Mapinguari", altough he gives conflicting accounts of the sighting. In the first report, he simply said he had seen it and been knocked unconcious by the smell:

"It was coming toward the village and was making a big noise. It stopped when it got near me, and that’s when the bad smell made me dizzy and tired. I fainted, and when I came to, it was gone."

This account was confirmed by Geovaldo's father Lucas, who said that when his son took him back to the site of the encounter, he saw a cleared pathway where the creature had departed, "as if a boulder had rolled through and knocked down all the trees and vines".

In the very different account given later on Beast Hunter, Geovaldo actually shot the animal. He said he was hunting wild pigs when he was attacked by a mapinguari. He fired at it multiple times before loading his gun with a lead slug, and firing at the animals face. The mapinguari stopped and screamed in pain, and Geovaldo escaped.

Interviewed for Destination Truth in 2008, Geovaldo said that he saw the mapinguari when he went out to hunt, shot at it, and ran off when it charged at him.

2007

A July 2007 report from Rio Branco, Brazil, stated that a creature with one eye and a gaping mouth was seen wandering in the deep jungle. The creature was tall, seven feet or more when it stood on two legs, it emitted a strong, extremely disagreeable odor, and it had thick, matted fur.

2014

A group of acai berrypickers in Brazil's Sumaúma Forest Reserve on the Japiim River reported seeing a mapinguari in September 2014. Whilst in a remote area of forest 5 hours away from the nearest village, the harvesters heard a cry:

"I began to imitate the cry and I realized that the sound was coming to us. That was when we started to hear a loud and intermittent crash. At that moment, a creature of dark color appeared and about two meters high, with only one eye reddish like flames."

The men fled back to the river to spend the night in their tent, but the creature appeared again, and they returned to their village in their canoe during the night, abandoning their equipment. Some of the men could not sleep for days, and as of October 2014, none of the people of the village had dared return to the forest.

Expeditions

2008 (Destination Truth)

In a 2008 investigation for Destination Truth, Josh Gates travelled to the Amazon to interview eyewitnesses, including Geovaldo. He and his team carried out a nighttime investigation, where they heard the snapping of trees, and found torn-apart palm trees. They also recorded an animal call which a former Los Angeles zookeeper was unable to identify.

2011 (Beast Man)

Pat Spain's 2011 investigation came up with evidence of the mapinguari being a giant sloth. He blasted a call and got a respose; both calls sounded like deeper sloth shrieks. He interviewed Geovaldo, who identified the animal he saw as a giant sloth.

2011 (Man v. Monster)

An investigation by Richard Terry found a large shape on the night-vision camera. The animal was unable to be identified.

Theories

Giant ground sloth

Since the 1990's, the most common theory regarding the identity of the mapinguari is that it is a giant ground sloth, a diverse family of mammals that lived from the Oligocene to the Early Holocene, for millions of years. Mylodon and Megatherium are the giant sloths variably named as the culprit, although Megatherium's immense size is not consistent with the more conservative size reported in mapinguari encounters. David Oren initially suggested a Mylodon identity, but in light of problems with this identification discussed below, he later changed his theory to support an identification of the mapinguari as a species of megalonychid ground sloth.

In Pat Spain's investigation, a slowed-down sloth call was blasted in the rainforest. Pat got a vocal response which sounded similar to his modified sloth call; a large sloth would sound like a slower, deeper normal sloth. One ground sloth, Glossotherium, is known to have had large ear ossicles, suggesting that it was adapted for long-range communication.

In Spain's investigation, eyewitness Geovaldo was shown images of various animals, both South American and African. Geovaldo identified the South American animals, but not the African ones, as would be expected. When an image of a ground sloth was shown, Geovaldo identified it as what he had seen.

Similar cryptids

• The curupira, a cryptid primate of the Amazon, also described as having shaggy red hair and backwards feet.
• The didi, a large cryptid hominid or ape of the Amazon.
• The Ecuadorean ground sloth.
• The kida harara, a cryptid sloth of the Brazilian Amazon, equated with the sloth-form of the mapinguari by authors including the New York Times, Josh Gates, and Pat Spain.
• The Mono Grande, a large cryptid hominid or ape of the Amazon.
• The pé de garrafa, a "bottle-footed" cryptid primate of the Brazilian Amazon.
• The segamai, a cryptid sloth of the Peruvian Amazon, equated with the sloth-form of the mapinguari by authors including George Eberhart and the New York Times.
• The sisemité of Central America, a cryptid usually described as a dark shaggy humanoid, although one eyewitness thought it looked like a ground sloth.
• The ujea, another ground sloth-like cryptid reported from Ecuador.